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New York City has been known by a variety of nicknames, both officially and unofficially, now and in the past. City nicknames can help in establishing a civic identity, helping outsiders recognize a community or attracting people to a community because of its nickname; promote civic pride; and build community unity.〔Muench, David ("Wisconsin Community Slogans: Their Use and Local Impacts" ), December 1993, accessed April 10, 2007.〕 Nicknames and slogans that successfully create a new community "ideology or myth"〔 are also believed to have economic value.〔 Their economic value is difficult to measure,〔 but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by "branding" themselves by adopting new slogans.〔Alfredo Andia, (Branding the Generic City :) ), MU.DOT magazine, September 10, 2007〕 New York City is frequently shortened to simply "New York," "NY," or "NYC." New York City is also known as "The City" in much of the eastern United States. Other nicknames take the form of "The City with Everything" or "Hong Kong on the Hudson," a reference in different cases to the city's prominence or its immigrant groups. ==Major nicknames== *The City, or The Big City, a reference to the city's predominance in world finance, politics, art and media. *The Big Apple, first used as a reference to the city's prominence in horse racing by John J. Fitz Gerald during the 1920s but made popular by a 1970s advertisement campaign〔 *Gotham, first used by Washington Irving in 1807 in his satirical periodical ''Salmagundi'' and made popular as the location of Batman comics, first specified in 1940 *The City That Never Sleeps, first used in 1912 article in the Fort Wayne ''News'', and popularized by John Kander and Fred Ebb's song ''New York, New York'' from the Martin Scorsese 1977 film of the same name *The Melting Pot, a reference to the wide variety of ethnicities and language groups in the city, and popularized by various authors including playwright Israel Zangwill in his 1908 play ''The Melting Pot'' *The City So Nice They Named It Twice, a reference to "New York, New York" as both the city and state, first mentioned in the ''New York Times'' in 1975. *The Five Boroughs, a reference to the counties that consolidated into New York City in 1898, and often used to distinguish the city proper from Manhattan alone or the New York metropolitan area *The Center of the Universe, particularly in reference to Times Square〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Why is New York City known as "the Big Apple" and "Gotham?" )〕 *The Capital of the World, popularized by the author E. B. White and by New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani〔 *The Empire City, derived from George Washington in the alleged quote "Surely this is the seat of the empire!" though first published in an 1836 newspaper as "the Empire City of the New World"〔 *Metropolis, popularized as the location of Superman comics, first specified in 1939 and itself an allusion to the setting of the 1926 Fritz Lang film ''Metropolis'' *The Modern Gomorrah, referring to the sinfulness and organized crime of Manhattan, first popularized by Reverend Thomas De Witt Talmage in 1875 at the Brooklyn Tabernacle〔 *New Amsterdam, the original name of the Dutch colony prior to the English capture and renaming of the colony in 1665 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nicknames of New York City」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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